In a typical nucleus, some region of chromatin are loosely packed (and stains light) and are referred to as euchromatin. The chromatin that is more densely packed and

In eukaryotes, this organisation is much more complex. There is a set of positively charged, basic proteins called histones. A protein acquires charge depending upon

James Watson and Francis Crick, proposed a  Double Helix model for the structure of DNA. One of the hallmarks of their proposition was base pairing between the

a.Bacterial Artificial Chromosome

b.Yeast Artificial

The DNA sequence coding for tRNA or rRNA molecule also define a gene. However by defining a cistron as a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide, the structural gene

Since the two strands have opposite polarity and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase also catalyse the polymerisation in only one direction, that is, 5 ' →3

a.leading strand

b.lagging

200bp

Frederick Griffith

AUG

uracil

Translation

The salient features of genetic code are as follows:

(i) The codon is triplet. 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for any amino

A. Reverse transcription

B.

1.BAC -bacterial artificial chromosomes

2.HGP-Human Genome Project

3.YAC- yeast artificial

i) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases.
(ii) The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known

1.HGP enabling a radically new approach to biological research.

2.Reserchers can study all the genes in a genome,like tumor in which all 

DNA Fingerprinting is a technique to find out variations in individuals of a population at DNA level.

It has immense applications in the field of forensic

(i) isolation of DNA,

(ii) digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases,

(iii) separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis,

(iv)

a) Process of Transcription in

 Nitrogen base is linked with OH of the sugar through N-glycosidic linkage to form nucleotide

A phosphate group is linked to OH of 5^th

Termination of transcription starts when the termination region is recognised. It is a particular sequence of nucleotide where the translation stops.

In

a)T=30.7%

b)G=19.3%

c)C=19.3%

i)Francis Crick.

ii) Precursor of mRNA

iii)

a) Transcription

b) Initiation

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A) DNA is the genetic material

B) Frederick

a)Coding strand.

b), if both strands act a template, they would code for RNA molecule with different sequences  if they code for proteins, the

1DNA chemically is less reactive and structurally more stable
when compared to RNA.

2)2 ' -OH group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a

^a)

^{In prokaryotes, DNA (being negatively charged) is held with some proteins (that have positive charges) in a region termed as}

^{(i) It is made of two polynucleotide chains.}

^{(Ii)The backbone is constituted by sugar-phosphate, and the bases project inside.
(iII) The two chains}

^{In a double stranted DNA the ratios between Adenine and Thymine and Guanine and Cytosine are constant and equal.}

^{i.e A/T = G/C =}

Lambda bacteriophage    -     48502

E-Coli