The principle behind the desalination of sea water using a semi-permeable membrane is:

1. Diffusion b) reverse osmosis   c) elevation of boiling point d) depression of freezing point

 Our blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution.

1. What are isotonic solutions?

   b.What happens when the blood cells are placed in a solution containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution?

 Solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by many factors like temperature, pressure, nature of the gas etc.

1. ‘Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.’ Account for this statement.
2. What is the effect of pressure in the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
3. Name the law which relates solubility of a gas in a liquid and its partial pressure and state it?

 The components of a mixture of 68% by mass of Nitric acid in water cannot be separated by fractional distillation.

a) Give reason for the above observation.

b) Which type of deviation from Raoult's law is shown by the above mixture?

In which of the following solvent NaCl dissolves – water or kerosene? Why?

1. Define molarity and molality.

2. Among molarity and molality which depends on temperature ? Explain.

Molarity (M), Molality (m) and mole fraction (x) are some methods for expressing concentration of solutions.
a) Which of these are temperature independence
b) define molarity
c) A mixture containing 3.2 gram methanol ( molecular mass = 32u) and 4.6 gram ethanol

(molecular mass = 46u). Find the mole fraction of each component

In a solution of two liquid components A & B ,at molecular level, A-B atractions are weaker than those between A-A  and  B-B.Then the type of deviation shown by this solution is ...

What are Ideal Solutions? Give the condition for their formatrion.

What are colligative properties?

Write one application of reverse osmosis

Derive an expression to find molar mass of an unknown solute by elevation of boiling point method.

Which of the following concentration terms depends on temperature?

1. Mole fraction
2. Molarity
3. Molality
4. Mass percent

Which colligative property is preferred for the molar mass determination of macromolecules and why ?

a).What is meant by Non idealsolution?

b)Which type of deviation shown by the mixture of ethanol and water.Explain?

Why is ethylene glycol added to the water used in the radiator of a car while driving in a hill station?

Explain why sodium chloride or anhydrous calcium chloride is used to clear snow on roads.

When two liquids are mixed, the resulting solution is found to be cooler. What do you conclude about deviation from ideal behaviour?

Mixing of acetone with chloroform takes place with reduction in volume. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown in this case?

Arrange the following in increasing order of their boiling points: 0.001 M NaCl, 0.001 M urea, 0.01 M MgCl₂, 0.01 M NaCl.